Navigating VAT in the UK

This guide provides an overview of VAT in the UK, including applicable rates, registration requirements, compliance obligations, and filing deadlines. It is designed for businesses engaging in transactions within the UK.

Last Updated: November 2025

1973

was the year the UK introduced VAT, replacing the old “Purchase Tax.”

The UK at a glance.

Standard rate

20% VAT

Digital services VAT

Yes, at 20%

Mandate e-invoicing

Yes

Currency

British Pound (GBP)

Zero-rated items

Applies to essential goods such as food and children’s clothing

VAT format

GB followed by 9 digits

Fiscal representation

No, not required for EU or non-EU businesses

Reclaiming VAT in the UK.

Foreign businesses incurring expenses in the UK? You might be eligible for a VAT refund.

Who can reclaim?
Claimable expenses:
Entertainment
20%
Accommodation
20%
Food, drink & restaurant services
20%
Hiring means of transport
20%
Fuel
20%
Public Transport
20%
Taxis
20%
Admission to fairs & exhibitions
20%
Training courses & seminars
20%
Goods
20%
Inter-company charges
20%
Office expenses
20%
Marketing costs
20%
Professional fees & AP invoices
20%
VAT compliance in the UK.

Doing business in the UK? You’ll need to play by the IVA’s VAT rules.

Who needs to register?

Registration is only required for businesses above the threshold.

VAT registration in the UK
VAT filing deadlines in the UK

Monthly

One month and seven days after the end of the filing period

Quarterly

One month and seven days after the end of the filing period

Annual

Your VAT Return is due once a year, 2 months after the end of your accounting period

VAT payment deadlines in the UK

Monthly

One month and seven days after the end of the filing period

Quarterly

One month and seven days after the end of the filing period

Annual

Within 2 months of month 12

Digital services in scope
Things to note

The UK applies VAT on digital services based on the consumer’s location, and registration is mandatory for non-resident businesses providing digital services to UK customers.

e-invoicing in the UK.
Summary of the mandate in this country

B2G mandate in place

Yes

B2B mandate in place

No

B2C mandate in place

No

Obligation status: B2B e-Invoicing

To be announced

B2B e-Invoicing model

N/A

Name of exchange infrastructure

Peppol

Format(s) used

PEPPOL BIS V3, UBL

FAQs

Eligible expenses include accommodation, food, drink and restaurant services, some local transport and admission to fairs and exhibitions. The reclaimable amount depends on the applicable UK VAT rate and whether the business meets UK VAT registration requirements.

Processing times for a UK VAT refund varies, but businesses reclaiming VAT in the UK can expect it to take anywhere from a few months to a year, depending on the claim complexity and submission accuracy.

Tax authorities may request original invoices however due to digital submission method, scans of invoices are allowed in most cases.

Nearby countries.

Explore indirect tax information in these countries:

Ireland
France
Netherlands

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